ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. [4][5][6], Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought massive changes to the nature of war, society, the state, and technology. [251] This policy was reinforced by bestowing the Cross of Honor of the German Mother on women bearing four or more children. [181] Hitler called for irredentist German claims to be reclaimed along with the creation of German Lebensraum ("living space") in Eastern Europe, including territories held by the Soviet Union, that would be colonized by Germans. Larsen, Stein Ugelvik, Bernt Hagtvet and Jan Petter Myklebust. [113] Benito Mussolini upon being expelled from his position as chief editor of the PSI's newspaper Avanti! Government officials eventually found it necessary to place "Nazis into editorial positions in the Catholic press. [274] Richard Washburn Child, the American ambassador to Italy who worked with Mussolini and became his friend and admirer, defended Mussolini's opportunistic behaviour by writing: "Opportunist is a term of reproach used to brand men who fit themselves to conditions for the reasons of self-interest. [113] Angelo Oliviero Olivetti formed a pro-interventionist fascio called the Revolutionary Fasces of International Action in October 1914. The foundation of Fascism is the conception of the State, its character, its duty, and its aim. Amazon’s Divine Period Romance The Pursuit of Love Gives Classic Social Satire a Modern Twist, Inside the ‘shadow reality world’ promoting the lie that the presidential election was stolen, Josep Almudéver Mateu, last-known survivor of the International Brigades who fought Franco, dies at 101. [99] In Reflections on Violence, Sorel emphasized need for a revolutionary political religion. [18] In 1919, Mussolini founded the Italian Fasces of Combat in Milan, which became the National Fascist Party two years later. "[155], The Nazis in Germany employed similar anti-clerical policies. What does it mean that Republicans keep blaming the left for Jan. 6? While Marxist communism is the most common form of communism, there is also non-Marxist communism. [228] In particular, fascists criticized capitalism, not because of its competitive nature nor support of private property, which fascists supported—but due to its materialism, individualism, alleged bourgeois decadence and alleged indifference to the nation. "[237] Yet the organization was "feared and disliked among society's poorest" because it resorted to intrusive questioning and monitoring to judge who was worthy of support.[238]. In further explanation it is a form of government in which a dictator or emperor ultimately controls the government, the people are subjected to following the orders of their dictator or they will suffer the consequences. [217] Unlike Marxism, fascism did not see class conflict between the Marxist-defined proletariat and the bourgeoisie as a given or as an engine of historical materialism. [117], Similar political ideas arose in Germany after the outbreak of the war. The traditional right/left political chart has become old and outdated. The Italian Socialist Party (PSI) opposed the war but a number of Italian revolutionary syndicalists supported war against Germany and Austria-Hungary on the grounds that their reactionary regimes had to be defeated to ensure the success of socialism. Found insideNow that actual news is presented as “fake news” and false news becomes government policy, A Brief History of Fascist Lies urges us to remember that the current talk of “post-truth” has a long political and intellectual lineage that ... Fascism is a set of right-wing political beliefs that includes strong control of society and the economy by the state, a powerful role for the armed forces, and the stopping of political opposition. Prior to that period, there had been notable Jewish Italians who had been senior Italian fascist officials, including Margherita Sarfatti, who had also been Mussolini's mistress. [91] Social Darwinism, which gained widespread acceptance, made no distinction between physical and social life, and viewed the human condition as being an unceasing struggle to achieve the survival of the fittest. The Fascists presented themselves as anti-communists and as especially opposed to the Marxists. [234] Nevertheless, faced with the mass unemployment and poverty of the Great Depression, the Nazis found it necessary to set up charitable institutions to help racially-pure Germans in order to maintain popular support, while arguing that this represented "racial self-help" and not indiscriminate charity or universal social welfare. [264] Fascism admired advances in the economy in the early 20th century, particularly Fordism and scientific management. [191] In Argentina, Peronism, associated with the regime of Juan Perón from 1946 to 1955 and 1973 to 1974, was influenced by fascism. [223], While fascism denounced the mainstream internationalist and Marxist socialisms, it claimed to economically represent a type of nationalist productivist socialism that while condemning parasitical capitalism, it was willing to accommodate productivist capitalism within it. The word fascism is used in both specific and general ways to refer to fascist governments and the types of methods used by them. (Ep. Fascism basically rejected the idea of Socialism, Capitalism, and Democracy. [104] Maurras stated that "a socialism liberated from the democratic and cosmopolitan element fits nationalism well as a well made glove fits a beautiful hand. fascism definition: 1. a political system based on a very powerful leader, state control, and being extremely proud of…. Fascist movements grew in strength elsewhere in Europe. [168] During the 6 February 1934 crisis, France faced the greatest domestic political turmoil since the Dreyfus Affair when the fascist Francist Movement and multiple far-right movements rioted en masse in Paris against the French government resulting in major political violence. [268] He conceived of a society based on a totalitarian concept of "total mobilization" of such disciplined warrior-workers. Maurras distrusted what he considered the democratic mystification of the popular will that created an impersonal collective subject. Both communism and fascism originated in Europe and gained popularity in … He claims that Nazism and communism are essentially manifestations of populism and that states such as Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy are more different than similar. [150] From 1925 to 1929, Fascism steadily became entrenched in power: opposition deputies were denied access to parliament, censorship was introduced and a December 1925 decree made Mussolini solely responsible to the King. It comes from the Italian fascismo, from fascio, meaning “political group.” Mussolini formed these small political groups into a political party, Partito Nazionale Fascista—the National Fascist Party. What are some words that share a root or word element with fascism? The term neo-fascism refers to fascist movements after World War II. . Payne defines fascism as a form of ultranationalism espousing a myth of national rebirth and marked by extreme elitism, mobilization of the masses, exaltation of hierarchy and subordination, oppression of women and an embrace of violence ... When professor Renzo de Felice suggests that fascism describes a moment in the Italian past-and only that-he is challenging the very heart of current orthodoxy. He distinguishes an inter-war period in which it manifested itself in elite-led but populist "armed party" politics opposing socialism and liberalism, and promising radical politics to rescue the nation from decadence. Understanding Fascism For What It Is: The fact that finally fascism is about power, raw power, power as its own final justification, helps us understand 4 concepts. [179] Nazi Germany similarly pursued an economic agenda with the aims of autarky and rearmament and imposed protectionist policies, including forcing the German steel industry to use lower-quality German iron ore rather than superior-quality imported iron. The definition of fascism and its organizational form also affect which countries are studied, whether for case or comparative analysis. In her examination of the culture of Italian fascism, Mabel Berezin focuses on how Mussolini's regime consciously constructed a nonliberal public sphere to support its political aims. The movement had certain well-defined features. It sees him as a man with all the talents needed to attain power but few of those needed to exercise it well. This book primarily focuses on how Mussolini had absolutely the wrong personality for a successful political leader. Fascism refers to a way of organizing society with an emphasis of autocratic government, dictatorial leadership, and the suppression of opposition. [243] The Italian Fascists' political anthem was called Giovinezza ("The Youth"). Neofascism, fascist-inspired political movement that arose in Europe in the decades following World War II. [224] Saint Simon's vision combined the traditionalist right-wing criticisms of the French Revolution with a left-wing belief in the need for association or collaboration of productive people in society. Lancaster, Guy (26 September 2011). The terms "Nazi" and "fascist" feel like they belong in our history books, but they matter now, too. Fascism promotes the establishment of a totalitarian state. the Nazi Party's Brown shirts and Fascist Italy's Blackshirts). Today, the terms fascist and fascism are often applied in a general way to practices that resemble those of military dictatorships, especially when based on nationalism, racism, and authoritarian rule. Fascism is the attitude of giving full interest in economic, social, and military power to a dominant race or state lead by a single dominant leader. "[233] The Nazi Party condemned the welfare system of the Weimar Republic, as well as private charity and philanthropy, for supporting people whom they regarded as racially inferior and weak, and who should have been weeded out in the process of natural selection. Fascism is a far-right form of government in which most of the country's power is held by one ruler. [79], Georges Valois, founder of the first non-Italian fascist party Faisceau,[80] claimed the roots of fascism stemmed from the late 18th century Jacobin movement, seeing in its totalitarian nature a foreshadowing of the fascist state. The "Fascist left" included Michele Bianchi, Giuseppe Bottai, Angelo Oliviero Olivetti, Sergio Panunzio, and Edmondo Rossoni, who were committed to advancing national syndicalism as a replacement for parliamentary liberalism in order to modernize the economy and advance the interests of workers and the common people. It attempted to purge ideas that were not consistent with the beliefs of the fascist movement and to teach students to be obedient to the state. By ‘Fascism’ they mean, roughly speaking, something cruel, unscrupulous, arrogant, obscurantist, anti-liberal and anti-working-class. However, Mussolini did not introduce the word fascista (plural fascisti) with the 1919 organization of the Fasci di combattimento (“combat groups”), nor did the fasces have any direct connection with the origin of fascista. Each different group described as fascist has at least some unique elements, and many definitions of fascism have been criticized as either too broad or too narrow. Mussolini, as I have learned to know him, is an opportunist in the sense that he believed that mankind itself must be fitted to changing conditions rather than to fixed theories, no matter how many hopes and prayers have been expended on theories and programmes. See more. German sociologist Johann Plenge spoke of the rise of a "National Socialism" in Germany within what he termed the "ideas of 1914" that were a declaration of war against the "ideas of 1789" (the French Revolution). The machine, first of all, must run! Lyttelton, Adrian (1973). Astradur Eysteinsson (ed. A system of government marked by centralization of authority under a dictator, a capitalist economy subject to stringent governmental... Facist - definition of Facist by The Free Dictionary. The mirror-image systems of communism and fascism promised to solve problems quickly through command and control. [87][88] The theme was based on a revolt against materialism, rationalism, positivism, bourgeois society, and democracy. Found insideFocusing on Italian fascism and German National Socialism, but consulting fascist movements and individuals elsewhere in interwar Europe, the book incisively shows how fascism is best understood as ferociously resisting what Elias referred ... Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. [271][272][273], Some critics of Italian fascism have said that much of the ideology was merely a by-product of unprincipled opportunism by Mussolini and that he changed his political stances merely to bolster his personal ambitions while he disguised them as being purposeful to the public. Why Do “Left” And “Right” Mean Liberal And Conservative? In this angry, funny, smart, contentious book, Jonah Goldberg turns our preconceptions inside out and shows us the true meaning of Liberal Fascism. It focuses on "internal cleansing and external expansion," according to Professor Robert Paxton in "The Anatomy of Fascism." [142] A 2020 article by Daron Acemoğlu, Giuseppe De Feo, Giacomo De Luca, and Gianluca Russo in the Center for Economic and Policy Research, exploring the link between the threat of socialism and Mussolini's rise to power, found "a strong association between the Red Scare in Italy and the subsequent local support for the Fascist Party in the early 1920s." In 2013, after the murder of an anti-fascist musician by a person with links to Golden Dawn, the Greek government ordered the arrest of Golden Dawn's leader Nikolaos Michaloliakos and other Golden Dawn members on charges related to being associated with a criminal organization. Definition of fascism in the Definitions.net dictionary. This new edition includes an updated preface that brings the book up to date, midway through the Trump presidency and the election of Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil. [205] Beyond this, fascists in Europe have not held a unified set of racial views. The conditions of economic hardship caused by the Great Depression brought about an international surge of social unrest. In Germany, various neo-Nazi movements have been formed and banned in accordance with Germany's constitutional law which forbids Nazism. It is commonly held that fascism is a right-wing form of government. Foremost characteristic of Fascism was extreme Nationalism. According to Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini's own account, the Fasces of Revolutionary Action were founded in Italy in 1915. It can’t be just an X axis. [65] They welcomed Fascism and supported its violent suppression of opponents on the left. Fascism puts nation and often race above the individual." a legendary stone of impenetrable hardness, Dictionary.com Unabridged No fire engine reds here, only a fierce collection of vibrant words for the color red to test yourself on. 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