The chaotic warfare led to a large number of casualties and devastated entire regions. [152] There were also wide regional variations; some areas in Northwest Germany were relatively peaceful after 1630 and experienced almost no population loss, while those of Mecklenburg, Pomerania and Württemberg fell by nearly 50%. Formation of League of Heilbronn), Protestant alliance (Thirty Years War) 15 April: Battle of Lech, Swedish victory over Tilly's Bavarian/ Imperial force (Thirty Years War) 28 October : The siege of Smolensk (to 1 May 1634) was the main action of the Smolensk War (1632-34) between Russian and Poland-Lithuania. [52], Ferdinand had paid Wallenstein for his support against Frederick with estates confiscated from the Bohemian rebels, and now contracted with him to conquer the north on a similar basis. Found insideEurope in 1618 was riven between Protestants and Catholics, Bourbon and Hapsburg--as well as empires, kingdoms, and countless principalities. Learn more about the Renaissance: Reuse this content The Trust Project Most of the fighting took place in the Holy Roman Empire, although the war grew to include European powers outside of the Empire. The Thirty Years War (1618-48), though pre-eminently a German war, was also of great importance for the history of the whole of Europe, not only because nearly all the countries of Western Europe took part in it, but also on account of its connection with the other great European wars of the same era and on account of its final results. Timeline: 1611 to 1620. Tang 618–907 CE. [73] Fighting continued until dusk when Wallenstein retreated, abandoning his artillery and wounded. Following is a summary of both wars. The defenders blocked two city gates and the third one was reinforced... Read more, The Battle of Sablat or Záblatí occurred on June 10, 1619, during the Bohemian period of the Thirty Years' War. It was someway the first “world war” ever, it was massive, included many countries and it was kept also in America too. New scientific discoveries had opened pathways for understanding more about our complex universe. Found insideHere is the many-faceted, world-historically significant story of Britain at war. [69] These payments amounted to 400,000 Reichstaler, or one million livres, per year, plus an additional 120,000 Reichstalers for 1630. [96] The French also had to rebuild their army in Germany after it was shattered by an Imperial-Bavarian force led by Franz von Mercy at Tuttlingen in November. [24], Before Augsburg, unity of religion compensated for lack of strong central authority; once removed, it presented opportunities for those who sought to further weaken it. Although there had been significant attempts at reform before Luther (notably those of John Wycliffe and Jan H... Charles IX (Swedish: Karl IX) was King of Sweden from 1604 until his death. November 7, 1659. It is notorious for the number of casualties the war produced on the side of the civilians as well as the destruction of the area on which the war was conducted (which is now Germany).. The Thirty Years' War was fought from 1618 until 1648. By the end of the war, Germany was more splintered than ever. In general, historians agree the war was an unprecedented mortality disaster and the vast majority of casualties, whether civilian or military, took place after Swedish intervention in 1630. [118], In 1639, their quarrel erupted into open warfare, with France backing Christine and Spain the two brothers, and resulted in the Siege of Turin. [119], In 1647, a French-backed rebellion succeeded in temporarily overthrowing Spanish rule in Naples. [28] This was taken a stage further in 1608 when Frederick IV, Elector Palatine formed the Protestant Union and Maximilian responded by setting up the Catholic League in July 1609. 22nd August 1642 May 1646. [51] In 1621, Hamburg accepted Danish 'supervision', while his son Frederick became joint-administrator of Lübeck, Bremen, and Verden; possession ensured Danish control of the Elbe and Weser rivers. A few days later, Ferdinand agreed to the Peace of Prague with the German states; he withdrew the Edict while the Heilbronn and Catholic Leagues were replaced by a single Imperial army, although Saxony and Bavaria retained control of their own forces. James I of England responded to this attack on his son-in-law by sending naval forces to threaten Spanish possessions in the Americas and the Mediterranean, and announced he would declare war if Spinola had not withdrawn his troops by spring 1621. It took place in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648 and resulted in eight million casualties. The conflict lasted, unceasing, for 30 years, making it the longest continuous war in modern history. [57], In May 1628, his deputy von Arnim besieged Stralsund, the only port with large enough shipbuilding facilities, but this brought Sweden into the war. After the Thirty Years War ended in 1648, Habsburg influence over much of Germany was reduced and the monarchy eventually evolved into the Austro-Hungarian empire. The Thirty Years War The Thirty Years War started out as religious and political quarrels, but its true purpose was to prevent the Habsburgs from maintaining supreme dominance in the Holy Roman Empire. An additional source of conflict was the growth of Reformed faiths not recognised by Augsburg, especially Calvinism, a theology viewed with hostility by both Lutherans and Catholics. Most textbooks refer to two different series of events as the "Thirty Years' War. Gustavus Adolphus and Sweden. The Thirty Years' War, from 1618-1648, represented a major turning point in European history due to the consequences of the war which include the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia, the destruction of Germany, and France becoming the dominant power in Europe. However, it left the German Principalities separated. [34] Focused on retaking the Netherlands, the Spanish Habsburgs preferred to avoid antagonising Protestants elsewhere, and recognised the dangers associated with Ferdinand's fervent Catholicism, but accepted the lack of alternatives. The Thirty Years’ War profoundly altered Europe’s political landscape and social fabric. [94] Richelieu died in December 1642, followed by Louis XIII on 14 May 1643, leaving the five-year-old Louis XIV as king. Found inside – Page 421455-1458 Wars of the Roses. Civil wars are fought in England between the Houses of York and Lancaster. 1618-1648 Thirty Years' War. This religious war in ... Republic Period 1912–1949. After 1635, the Empire became one theatre in a wider struggle between France, supported by Sweden, and Spain in alliance with Emperor Ferdinand III. Found insideIn this strikingly ambitious book, Peter H. Wilson explains how the Empire worked, why it was so important, and how it changed over the course of its existence. [168], By laying the foundations of the modern nation state, Westphalia changed the relationship between subjects and their rulers. [13] One estimate by Pitirim Sorokin calculates an upper limit of 2,071,000 military casualties,[143] although his methodology has been widely disputed by others. Well aware none of the princes involved would agree, Ferdinand used the device of an Imperial edict, once again asserting his right to alter laws without consultation. [107], The Swedes sent a second force under Königsmarck to attack Prague, seizing the castle and Malá Strana district in July. [110] The French-born Duke of Nevers was backed by France and the Republic of Venice, his rival the Duke of Guastalla by Spain, Ferdinand II, Savoy and Tuscany. They therefore include factors unrelated to death or disease, such as permanent migration to areas outside the Empire or lower birthrates, a common but less obvious impact of extended warfare. [82] In the March 1636 Treaty of Wismar, France formally joined the Thirty Years War in alliance with Sweden; a Swedish army under Johan Banér entered Brandenburg and re-established their position in North-East Germany following the Battle of Wittstock on 4 October 1636. deteriorating military position. [36], Thurn established a Protestant-dominated government in Bohemia, while unrest expanded into Silesia and the Habsburg heartlands of Lower and Upper Austria, where much of the nobility was also Protestant. Found insideThey have enriched lives - and destroyed them. Now Penguin brings you the works of the great thinkers, pioneers, radicals and visionaries whose ideas shook civilization and helped make us who we are. The Thirty Years' War commences. Song 960–1279 CE. The Thirty Years War was a turning point in the making of modern Europe and the modern world: out of it came the system of nation-states that remains fundamental to international law. The social and economic impact of the Thirty Years War. Found insideDuring the seventeenth century, the Dutch Republic was transformed into a leading political power in Europe, with global trading interests. A new chapter addresses the controversies engendered by the previous edition. Ferdinand was declared deposed and the Bohemian throne was offered to Frederick V, the elector palatine. Some members of the Bohemian aristocracy rebelled... Read more. He was also the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire during mos... Philip III, King of Spain, King of Portugal, King of Naples and Sicily was the king of Spain and Portugal and Algarves (as Philip II Portuguese: Filipe II), from 1598 until his death. [75][76], Following the death of Gustavus, Swedish policy was directed by his extremely capable Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna; in April 1633, the Swedes and their German allies formed the Heilbronn League with funding provided by the French and in July their combined forces defeated an Imperial army led by the Bavarian general Bronckhorst-Gronsfeld at Oldendorf. In this lesson we explore the Thirty Years' War and the subsequent Peace of Westphalia. Found inside... 9/8/2011 67) www.sp/center.orgflnte/flnte/report/artic/e/isp ?aid=523, “The Thirty Years war: A timeline of the anti-gay movement. In The Warwolf, Hermann Lons' acclaimed historical novel, the tragedy and horrors of war in general, and these times in particular are revealed. It was a Protestant victory, but cost the life of one of... Read more, In December Wallenstein retired with his army to Bohemia, around Pilsen. [100] In May, a Bavarian force under von Mercy destroyed a French detachment at Herbsthausen, before he was defeated and killed at Second Nördlingen in August. [138] While the Thirty Years War certainly ranks as one of the worst of these events, 19th century nationalists often increased or exaggerated its impact to illustrate the dangers of a divided Germany. [20], The agreement was undermined by the expansion of Protestantism beyond its 1555 boundaries, into areas previously dominated by Catholicism. Variously known as the 'Great German War,' 'Great War' or 'Great Schism', for 19th and early 20th century German nationalists it showed the dangers of a divided Germany and was used to justify the creation of the German Empire in 1871, as well as the Greater Germanic Reich envisaged by the Nazis. ... 1618 - The Thirty Years' War begins. The Peace of Westphalia. The war drew in many European powers, and German and foreign armies ravaged Germany. The treaty of October 24, 1648, comprehended the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand III, the other German princes, France, … The war involved many of the countries of Europe, and was primarily a contest between Catholic rulers and Protestant rulers. [81] In May, their main army of 35,000 invaded the Spanish Netherlands but was forced to retreat in July after suffering 17,000 casualties from disease and desertion. Appointed to rule the Duchy of Styria in 1595, within eighteen months he eliminated Protestantism in what was previously a stronghold of the Reformation. Hmong Timeline. [39] Gabriel Bethlen, Calvinist Prince of Transylvania, invaded Hungary with Ottoman support, although the Habsburgs persuaded them to avoid direct involvement; this was helped when the Ottomans became involved in the 1620 Polish war, followed by the 1623 to 1639 conflict with Persia. At the same time, Gustavus signed an alliance with Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania, securing his interests in Pomerania against the Catholic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, another Baltic competitor linked to Ferdinand by family and religion. At Second Breitenfeld in October 1642, Torstenson inflicted almost 10,000 casualties on an Imperial army led by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria. At this point, Olivares publicised secret discussions initiated by Mazarin in early 1646, in which he offered to exchange Catalonia for the Spanish Netherlands; angered by what they viewed as betrayal and concerned by French ambitions in Flanders, the Dutch agreed a truce with Spain in January 1647. They make it their capital in the Spice Islands. [162], Although the war caused immense destruction, it has also been credited with sparking a revival in German literature, including the creation of societies dedicated to "purging of foreign elements" from the German language. Found inside – Page 552... 297 Third Punic War, 102 Third Rome, 295 Thirty Tyrants, 61, 69, 77 Thirty Years' War, ... 18 Ti, 163 Tiberius, 120, 127 Time of Troubles, 456 Timeline. [106] Outnumbered by a Franco-Swedish army under Wrangel and Turenne, they were defeated at Zusmarshausen in May 1648, while von Holzappel was killed. [83], Ferdinand II died in February 1637 and was succeeded by his son Ferdinand III, who faced a Continuing religious struggles and rising nationalist movements throughout the empire lead to the Thirty Years' War (1618 - 1648). Web. The timeline is laid out pre-1914 and then annual from 1914 through 1918 under the tabs on this page. Essay. 1990. England, Dutch Republic, France against Spanish Empire. [23], Although Emperors were elected, since 1440 the position had been held by a member of the Habsburg family. Found inside2000: 0% 27. 2015: 0% A timeline shows: 1. 1618–48: Thirty Years' War; 6 of the 7 great powers. 2. 1672–78: Dutch War of Louis XIV; 6 of 7 great powers. 3. During the first phase the Protestant Bohemians rebelled against the Catholic Hapsburg King … In May 1618, these factors combined to bring about the Bohemian Revolt. [61], Made overconfident by success, in March 1629 Ferdinand passed an Edict of Restitution, which required all lands taken from the Catholic church after 1555 to be returned. Alsace was among the battlegrounds. AP Euro Timeline. PBS, 2012. In response thew Protestant nations of England, Denmark, and … Their writers are also pretty cool. This allowed him to move troops and supplies by road, rather than sea where the Dutch navy was dominant; by 1618, the only part not controlled by Spain ran through the Electoral Palatinate. The Thirty Years' War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts, as well as the deadliest European religious war, in history. He will write many of his great plays over the next few years including Hamlet and Macbeth. In the two worst years of the both the American War in Vietnam and the Secret War in Laos, 18,000 Hmong soldiers were killed in combat, in addition to thousands more civilian casualties. Charles I of England allowed Christian to recruit up to 9,000 Scottish mercenaries, but they took time to arrive, and while able to slow Wallenstein's advance, were insufficient to stop him. Qing dynasty Five Dynasties Period 907–960 CE. ... but the modern necktie traces its origins to the small knotted neckerchiefs sported by Croatians during the Thirty Years’ War. Attempts by Maximilian and John George of Saxony to broker a negotiated solution ended when Matthias died in March 1619, since many believed the loss of his authority and influence had fatally damaged the Habsburgs. The eldest son of Philip III (and his wife Margaret), Philip IV was born at Valladolid. PBS, 2012. The combination destabilised large parts of the Empire. Chronology of the Thirty Years' War. Ferdinand paid Wallenstein by letting him confiscate estates, extort ransoms from towns, and allowing his men to plunder the lands they passed through, regardless of whether they belonged to allies or opponents. This brought the Commonwealth of England and the United Provinces of the Netherlands, former allies in the Thirty Years' War , into conflict. This army collapses in 1625 due to a lack of training andsupplies. And it was this upheaval – not military conflict per se – that took the heaviest human toll. [130] It has been argued they were a "major turning point in German and European...legal history", because they went beyond normal peace settlements and effected major constitutional and religious changes to the Empire itself. Found inside – Page 411... 245–246 Teller Amendment and, 247 Ten Years' War and, 238 timeline of, ... 306 Dutch War of Independence (1568–1648), 30–50 Antwerp, Siege of, ... It also offers a bracingly novel interpretation. Bohemia had been an area known to be religiously tolerant. This landed... Read more, The Sack of Magdeburg (German: Magdeburgs Opfergang or German: Magdeburger Hochzeit) refers to the siege and subsequent plundering of Magdeburg by... Read more, The Battle of Werben was a battle of the Thirty Years' War, fought on July 22, 1631, between the Swedish Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. His successor Cardinal Mazarin continued the same general policy, while French gains in Alsace allowed him to re-focus on the war against Spain in the Netherlands. Found inside – Page 130Baner The Thirty Years War began in Bohemia in 1618 as a Protestant revolt ... 1644 TIMELINE 1 WAR 2 3 4 5 OTTOMAN EMPIRE 6 THE END OF THE THIRTY YEARS ... [128] The Dutch were also given a monopoly over trade conducted through the Scheldt estuary, ensuring the commercial ascendancy of Amsterdam; Antwerp, capital of the Spanish Netherlands and previously the most important port in Northern Europe, would not recover until the late 19th century. The... Read more, The Battle of Lützen (1632) was one of the most decisive battles of the Thirty Years' War. In March 1638, Bernhard destroyed an Imperial army at Rheinfelden, while his capture of Breisach in December secured French control of Alsace and severed the Spanish Road. ""The Learning Library" series from Prodigy Books was created to provide a way for teachers, students, and parents to own any textbook content they need, at a price they can afford.It's time to have the library of educational content that ... He began negotiations with Wallenstein, who despite his recent victories was concerned by the prospect of Swedish intervention, and thus anxious to make peace. The Emperor defeats the Bohemians and imposes the Catholic religion. The Thirty Years War began with a scene now infamous in history: the May 18, 1618 ejection, or “defenestration,” of Habsburg officials from the window of Prague Castle. Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria, newly appointed Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, raised an army of 18,000 in Italy, which met up with an Imperial force of 15,000 at Donauwörth on 2 September 1634. [151], In 1940, agrarian historian Günther Franz published a detailed analysis of regional data from across Germany covering the period from 1618 to 1648. This made it easier to levy national forces of significant size, loyal to their state and its leader; one lesson learned from Wallenstein and the Swedish invasion was the need for their own permanent armies, and Germany as a whole became a far more militarised society. The... Read more, The Battle of Breitenfeld (German: Schlacht bei Breitenfeld; Swedish: Slaget vid Breitenfeld) or First Battle of Breitenfeld (sometimes First... Read more, The Siege of Nuremberg or Siege of Nürnberg was a battle campaign that took place in 1632 about the Imperial Free City of Nürnberg (Nuremberg)... Read more, The Battle of Rain (also called the Battle of the River Lech or Battle of Lech) was fought on April 15, 1632, as part of the Thirty Years' War. When Ferdinand was elected king of Bohemia in 1617, he gained control of its electoral vote; however, his conservative Catholicism made him unpopular with the largely Protestant nobility, who were also concerned at the erosion of their rights.
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