statement and Staphylococcus aureus Transcriptome architecture: from laboratory to infection-mimicking conditions. Comparative genomic analysis of Staphylococcus haemolyticus reveals key to hospital adaptation and pathogenicity. Barrett T, Clark K, Gevorgyan R, Gorelenkov V, Gribov E, Karsch-Mizrachi I, et al. 8d). These files were used for all subsequent analyses. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000964. The strains in this group appear to retain zoonotic potential since the cluster contains isolates from humans, fish and dog. PLoS One. Proc Natl Acad Sci. An interesting exception to this rule is the ‘symbiont process’ functional tree which has the lowest correlation with other functional trees for Staphylococcus even though there is a high number of proteins associated to this GO term. PubMed  We defined protein domain content as the alphabetical order of all unique domains associated with a given protein. Pridgeon JW, Zhang D, Zhang L. Complete genome sequence of the attenuated Novobiocin-resistant streptococcus iniae vaccine strain ISNO. Some bacteria prefer salty environments and are thus called halophiles. Genome-scale reconstruction of the streptococcus pyogenes M49 metabolic network reveals growth requirements and indicates potential drug targets. Cooper VS, Honsa E, Rowe H, Deitrick C, Iverson AR, Whittall JJ, et al. Core genes together with accessory genes form a complex network that comprise the molecular basis of virulence in Staphylococcus and Streptococcus [54, 55]. The Heaps’ function was used to fit a Heaps’ regression model; α > 1 indicates convergence of the size of the pan-genome and that it is closed. [cited 2019 Nov 7]. 2018;(December 2017):1–8. S. suis serotypes are shown in the label, genomes from species mentioned in literature as having zoonotic capabilities are marked with a triangle and the isolation host is marked in the label with D = dog, F = fish, H = human, P = pig, T = toad. Clustering of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species based on different GO functional groups revealed sub cluster to be present for S. suis based on GO functional groups ‘modification of host morphorlogy’ and ‘pathogenesis’, and revealed a sub cluster to be present for S. agalactiae based on GO functional groups ‘biological adhesion’ and ‘pathogenesis’. Sci Rep. 2016;6(December):1–13. Role of pilus proteins in adherence and invasion of streptococcus agalactiae to the lung and cervical epithelial cells. 8c). Persistence of functional protein domains in mycoplasma species and their role in host specificity and synthetic minimal life. 305340 (INFECT), the SysteMTb project (HEALTH-F4–2010-241,587) and the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 2008;14(1):155–7. Generation and characterization of a defined mutant of streptococcus suis lacking suilysin. 2020;5(3):1–17. Such bacteria are found in the Dead Sea, in brine ponds, and occasionally on salted fishes and hides. 4th ed. 2010;316(8):1408–14. Gostev M, Faulconbridge A, Brandizi M, Fernandez-Banet J, Sarkans U, Brazma A, et al. PubMed  It should be considered that this analysis has been done with all fully assembled genomes data that were available at the time of the study. Univ Oklahoma Heal Sci Cent. Allen AG, Bolitho S, Lindsay H, Khan S, Bryant C, Norton P, et al. Large differences in clustering were observed for S. suis genomes in the functional trees relating to ‘biological adhesion’, ‘modification of morphology or physiology of other organism’ and ‘pathogenesis’, supplementary material (Additional file 9). bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.104. Bosi E, Monk JM, Aziz RK, Fondi M, Nizet V, Palsson BØ. In support of these findings, it was found that a S. suis cytolysin knockout mutant made the strain non-haemolytic and non-cytotoxic for cultured macrophage-like cells [67] while increased secretion of thiol activated cytolysins was shown to directly cause epithelial cell damage in humans, allowing S. suis to spread into deeper tissues [68]. Fang G, Rocha E, Danchin A. Gottlieb M, Long B, Koyfman A. For all zoonotic Streptococcus species data about the isolation host was retrieved from the Biosamples databases [99] or literature [63,64,65, 100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107]. Google Scholar. 2004. Bacteria that grow at temperatures of less than about 15 °C (59 °F) are psychrophiles. 2015;10(9):1–20. x In humans, the period between the third trimester of pregnancy and the second year of life represents a critical phase of neurodevelopment characterized by dramatic brain growth [1, 2]. Here, we show that based on their genomic content S. agalactiae can be separated in two groups, one that is zoonotic and infects humans, fish and dog, and one group that only infects fish. Initial treatment includes support of respiratory and circulatory function, supplemental oxygen, mechanical ventilation, and volume infusion. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmni.2015.06.005. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. FnbpA has functional homologs in other species such as S. epidermidis, however all homologs lack the C-terminal multiple fibronectin binding repeats variants present in FnbpA, of which at least one high affinity binding repeat is needed for host cell uptake [16, 34, 46]. However, as we could see in Fig. Furthermore, we used the functional grouping of proteins to predict zoonotic potential of S. suis and S. agalactiae, that is their ability to infect multiple hosts including humans. Section 4(2) partly came into operation on 1 November 2007 and 1 January 2013, … Suboptimal brain growth during this window is known to have long-term implications in cognitive and behavioral function [3-6], thus monitoring of brain volume and growth trajectory is an … Eriksen NHR, Espersen F, Rosdahl VT, Jensen K, Godwin H, Wyllie DH, et al. The similarity of phenotypes such as causing meningitis and tropism for brain and liver, suggests these traits may be caused by ‘modification of morphology or physiology of other organism’ and ‘pathogenesis’ proteins, and suggest a causal relationship between the proteins associated to these GO terms and the observed phenotype. Bacteria - Bacteria - Physical requirements: The physical requirements that are optimal for bacterial growth vary dramatically for different bacterial types. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Orthologue genes were identified as genes with identical protein domain content. This protein, PF05480, is a haemolytic protein unique to Staphylococcus. Finally, we compared S. aureus and S. pyogenes to identify the genomic basis for their shared ability to cause severe bacterial infections like necrotizing fasciitis. We have also shown that prediction of the phenotype zoonotic potential only requires information about a few proteins, suggesting a direct causal relationship with zoonotic potential. Nucleic Acids Res. Many bacteria cannot tolerate acidic environments, especially under anaerobic conditions, and, as a result, plant polymers degrade slowly in acidic (pH between 3.7 and 5.5) bogs, pine forests, and lakes. Genome-wide high-throughput screening to investigate essential genes involved in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398 survival. Serum opacity factor promotes group A streptococcal epithelial cell invasion and virulence. Chapter 12 in microbiology. Christiansen MT, Kaas RS, Chaudhuri RR, Holmes MA, Hasman H, Aarestrup FM. Gurobi optimizer reference manual [internet]; 2018. The ‘importance’ shows the proteins overall importance for the random forest classifier. Annotation was performed using InterProScan version 5.25 [77]. t-SNE plots of Streptococcus strains based on proteins all proteins (a), proteins filtered on ‘biological adhesion’ (b) and ‘pathogenesis’ (c). 2013;4(4):1–11. GO CM. We identified clusters of strains within species based on proteins associated to similar biological processes. 2019;6(1):254. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0263-7. Proteins experimentally determined or GEM predicted to be essentiality are significantly different from the average protein persistence (Student’s t-test, p-value = 5 × 10− 14) for both Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. 2010;5(3). 2009;5(3):e1000346. Are all meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) equal in all hosts? Streptococcus agalactiae CspA is a serine protease that inactivates chemokines. A manual containing Compliance Policy Guides. 2003;11(5):224–32. Article  Koehorst JJ, Van Dam JCJ, Van Heck RGA, Saccenti E, Dos Santos VAPM, Suarez-Diez M, et al. 2009;48(2):581–9. Article  Chaudhuri RR, Allen AG, Owen PJ, Shalom G, Stone K, Harrison M, et al. Google Scholar. [42]. Additionally, these samples we used to estimate the sizes of the pan- and core genome using a binomial mixture model using the micropan BinomixEstimate function with 5000 permutations and a core detect probability of 1. 6a-c. Two S. suis clusters can be distinguished in the PCA score plot based on proteins related to ‘modification of morphology or physiology of other organism’ (Fig. J Bacteriol. Galili T. Dendextend: an R package for visualizing, adjusting and comparing trees of hierarchical clustering. NZ performed the main analyses and wrote the draft manuscript. where N (orth) is the number of genomes carrying a given orthologue and N is the number of genomes searched [81]. 2013;7:74. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-0509-7-74. The Staphylococcus pangenome contains 52 domains present in 65 proteins associated to the GO term ‘pathogenesis’ while the Streptococcus pangenome contains 88 domains present in 118 proteins associated to the GO term ‘pathogenesis’. The importance of this domain for pathogenesis was shown in a S. aureus mutant with a knockout of srtA coding for a class A sortase, which is required for secretion of proteins containing the LPXTG motif. PubMed  Snipen L, Almøy T, Ussery DW. Many ‘modification of host morphology’ proteins in Staphylococcus are also associated to the GO term ‘pathogenesis’ while many ‘biological adhesion’ proteins in Streptococcus are associated to the GO term ‘pathogenesis’. Article  All carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphor sources from the medium that could support growth were detected by substituting the default carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphor sources. Surmann K, Depke M, Dhople VM, Pané-Farré J, Hildebrandt P, Gumz J, et al. Goyette-Desjardins G, Auger JP, Xu J, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Streptococcus suis, an important pig pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent-an update on the worldwide distribution based on serotyping and sequence typing. 2007;56(9):1246–9. Int J Syst Bacteriol. Fuchs S, Mehlan H, Bernhardt J, Hennig A, Michalik S, Surmann K, et al. Similar to what was found for Pseudomonas [9], gene expression variability of essential genes was found to be less than the expression variability of non-essential genes in both S. aureus and S. pyogenes. Hasegawa N, Sekizuka T, Sugi Y, Kawakami N, Ogasawara Y, Kato K, et al. It results in an abnormality in the oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin found in red blood cells. Rouli L, Merhej V, Fournier PE, Raoult D. The bacterial pangenome as a new tool for analysing pathogenic bacteria. The evaluation and management of toxic shock syndrome in the emergency department: a review of the literature. By using this website, you agree to our We used functional groups of proteins that were shown to separate zoonotic and non-zoonotic strains for S. suis (Fig. MSD and ES and VDMS revised the manuscript. Front Microbiol. 2013;26(3):422–47. Matyi SA, Dupre JM, Johnson WL, Hoyt PR, White DG, Brody T, et al. © 2021 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. PCA plot of Streptococcus strains based on all proteins (a), proteins filtered on ‘modification of morphology or physiology of other organism’ (b) and proteins filtered on ‘pathogenesis’ (c). Spaulding AR, Salgado-Pabón W, Kohler PL, Horswill AR, Leung DYM, Schlievert PM. The Staphylococcus model can use all amino acids as alternative nitrogen source through deamination, greatly increasing the number of minimal media combinations Protein persistence, in silico predictions of essential and in vitro essentiality data for Staphylococcus and Streptococcus were integrated based on their associated locus tags. Based on their GO term association S. aureus has 21 proteins associated to pathogenesis that occur in nearly all S. aureus genomes and only rarely in any other Staphylococcus specie (Table 3). 2018;8(September):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22134. S. agalactiae 5′-nucleotidase-C is present in two proteins: Trifunctional nucleotide phospho-esterase protein YfkN precursor and Endonuclease YhcR precursor. 2015;3(2):10–1. Trends Microbiol. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species can cause many different diseases, ranging from mild skin infections to life-threatening necrotizing fasciitis. The most common of detoxifying enzymes are catalase, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide dismutase, which breaks down superoxide. Safety, Health and Welfare Act 2005 (No. In LONS (mainly approach if the approach satisies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations. The process was repeated 10 times to estimate the variance of the estimated size of the pan- and core genomes. Interactive heatmap were generated showing the presence and absence of proteins per genome, while showing the similarity in the side column to highlight differences compared to the reference tree. Kao C, Chen P, Huang F, Chen C, Chi C, Lin Y, et al. Li Y, Cao B, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Yang B, Wang L. Complete genome sequence of Staphylococcus aureus T0131, an ST239-MRSA-SCCmec type III clone isolated in China. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. In contrast to acidophilic bacteria, alkalophilic bacteria are able to grow in alkaline concentrations as great as pH 10 to 11. Data was loaded using Python 3.6, pandas 0.24.2. The BioSample database (BioSD) at the European bioinformatics institute. Staphylococcal enterotoxins dose-dependently modulate the generation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. CAS  A genetic resource for rapid and comprehensive phenotype. Google Scholar. Fraction of variance explained by each PC is indicated in the axis. 2017;85(2):1–15. 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PubMed  Only three proteins associated to pathogenesis are shared between S. aureus and S. pyogenes, Enterotoxin B C-terminal domain (PF02876), Enterotoxin B N-terminal beta-grasp domain (PF01123) and Fibronectin binding protein (PF00746;PF02986). Additional plots of the estimated pan- and core genomes size and the Heaps’ regression model can be found in supplementary material (see Additional file 5). The authors declare that all data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplementary information. Oxygen delivery devices and flow rates should be adjusted to keep the oxygen saturation in the target range. Staphylococcus TF. Comparative genomic analysis of the genus Staphylococcus including Staphylococcus aureus and its newly described sister species Staphylococcus simiae. Zautner AE, Krause M, Stropahl G, Holtfreter S, Frickmann H, Maletzki C, et al. J Bacteriol. Dissimilarity was calculated using the Euclidean distances of genomes in the functional trees and by scaling these distances to values between 0 and 1 to make them comparable. Complete genome sequence of Streptococcus suis serotype 16 strain TL13. Based on these studies it appears these two cytolysins are involved in formation of a pore-forming complex in cholesterol containing host membranes, which explains their importance for conferring zoonotic potential. California Privacy Statement, Available from: https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org. We compared the similarity and differences between Staphylococcus and Streptococcus based on the clustering of species in GO functional trees. Gene variability was calculated based on 156 S. aureus RNA samples from 44 conditions ranging from laboratory to conditions mimicking infection, measured by Tiling arrays [42]. Stoll H, Ost M, Singh A, Mehling R, Neri D, Schäfer I, et al. Isolation and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains from a Paso del Norte dairy. Essentiality and domain persistence information for Staphylococcus was combined with the variability of transcription (measured by log2 fold changes). The second group contains are non-zoonotic strains all isolated from pigs. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2017.00031/full. Available from: https://rdflib.github.io/sparqlwrapper/. 6c): the first cluster contains 7 out of the 12 serotype 2 strains, as well as serotype 1, 1,2, 4, 16, while the second cluster contains 5 serotype 2 strains as well as strains with serotype 3, 7, 9 14 and Chz which were all isolated from pigs. This protein, PF04647 ArgB, is part of a quorum sensing system. 2015;7:72–85. Investigation of proteins required to predict S. suis zoonotic potential using a random forest classifier revealed PF01289 thiol-activated cytolysin, 2) PF17440 a thiol-activated cytolysin beta sandwich domain to be the two most important factors associated to zoonotic potential. Nucleic Acids Res. Mesophilic bacteria are those in which optimum growth occurs between 20 and 45 °C (68 and 113 °F), although they usually can survive and grow in temperatures between 10 and 50 °C (50 and 122 °F). Xiao J, Hu P, Chen H, Wu J, Hua Y, Zhang A, et al. J Bacteriol. Characterization of the pathogenicity of Streptococcus intermedius TYG1620 isolated from a human brain abscess based on the complete genome sequence with Transcriptome analysis and transposon mutagenesis in a murine subcutaneous abscess model. All combinations of minimal media containing these carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphor sources were generated. For example, PF01123 and PF02876 toxin β-grasp domain together form Enterotoxin type 2 which is important for causing the toxic shock [4, 34]. This leads to a rigid, sickle-like shape under certain circumstances. GEMs predictions were made using minimal media conditions for all combinations of carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, and phosphorus sources. Oxygen-based bleach and detergents used in health-care settings should be registered by EPA to ensure adequate disinfection of laundry. The ability of bacteria to grow at low temperatures is not unexpected, since the average subsurface temperature of soil in the temperate zone is about 12 °C (54 °F) and 90 percent of the oceans measure 5 °C (41 °F) or colder. 2016;232:25–37. Pan Z, Ma J, Dong W, Song W, Wang K, Lu C, et al. BMC Genomics. R: A language and environment for statistical computing [internet]. Two sampling approaches were used: 1) genomes were randomly selected from all genomes in the analysed genera and 2) a maximum of one genome per species was selected to avoid bias introduced by species with many sequenced genomes. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, Biosynthesis, nutrition, and growth of bacteria, Classification by morphology, biochemistry, and other features, Discover how bacteria evolved to survive in Earth's most-extreme habitats, such as seafloor volcanic vents. European Bioinformatics Institute. For example, similar to what was found in this study, a recent study shows that although streptococcal virulence factors have no clear patterns among species groups, some virulence factors were shown to be congruous with the evolution of species groups [13]. Google Scholar. 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Genomes predicted in this study to be part of the zoonotic potential cluster are coloured red while strains in the cluster predicted not to have zoonotic potential are coloured blue. 2014;9(6):e101229. J Emerg Med. Article  Appl Environ Microbiol. The GraphDB SPARQL endpoint was queried using the Python SPARQLWrapper [79] package and the R Curl package [80] to retrieve information and store them as matrixes given in supplementary material [see Additional file 3 and 4]. Botelho ACN, Ferreira AFM, Fracalanzza SEL, Teixeira LM, Pinto TCA. Comparison of 432 pseudomonas strains through integration of genomic, functional, metabolic and expression data. Genome EMBL files were converted to RDF and de novo annotation was performed storing the results in a graph file per genome using SAPP, a Semantic Annotation Platform with Provenance [74] and the GBOL ontology [75]. When considering virulence factors that are not unique to S. aureus or S. pyogenes the number of virulence factors is about 1.5 times as many as reported in literature [33]. The variability in expression for experimentally determined essential and non-essential genes as well as for persistent and non-persistent genes were compared (Fig. Google Scholar. It is known that predominantly S. suis serotype 2 strains are associated to zoonotic potential [62, 63]. Hermans SJ, Baker HM, Sequeira RP, Langley RJ, Baker EN, Fraser JD. Google Scholar. Pain M, Hjerde E, Klingenberg C, Cavanagh JP. The most important features for S. agalactiae classification based on ´pathogenesis’ proteins are 1) PF00746;PF08017 Fibrinogen binding protein, 2) PF00746;PF8428;PF08829;PF17480 2) surface protein Rib and 3) PF00746;PF16555;PF16569;PF16570 pilus complex 4) PF00746;PF11966 a cell wall anchored linked to a ySIRK signal domain 5) PF02225;PF07554, a serine protease (Fig. In our study we do not separate between pathogenic and non-pathogenic species since there are several ways to infect humans and animals. J Bacteriol. Based on their isolation host, we can see that a cluster contains strains that are zoonotic while the other contains strains that are non-zoonotic. Zondervan, N.A., Martins dos Santos, V.A.P., Suarez-Diez, M. et al. In this study we performed a comparative analysis of 235 and 315 fully sequenced Staphylococci and Streptococci genomes by annotating their proteins based on their domain content. Proteins were compared based on their Pfam domain content. A matrix was built to collect information on the presence or absence of proteins in each genome. Clinical and genetic analysis of invasive and non-invasive group A streptococcal infections in Central Taiwan; 2005. p. 105–11. c The five most important ‘biological adhesion’ proteins used to classify S. agalactiae. Galili T, O’Callaghan A, Sidi J, Sievert C. Heatmaply: an R package for creating interactive cluster heatmaps for online publishing. 2006;62(1):15–25 Available from: http://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&from=export&id=L44386547%5Cn, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05337.x, http://mun-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/openurl/01MUN/01MUN_SERVICES?sid=EMBASE&issn=0950382X&id=doi:10.1111%2Fj. 1). Article  SAPP: functional genome annotation and analysis through a semantic framework using FAIR principles. Difference between mean values is significant (p-val < 0.01). Brouwer S, Cork AJ, Ong C-LY, Barnett TC, West NP, McIver KS, et al. In Staphylococcus 46% (30/65) and in Streptococcus 72% (85/118) of the pathogenesis associated proteins contain multiple domains. Our results are compared throughout the paper with findings from literature. Available from: https://github.com/enasequence/enaBrowserTools. Grid search for 300 combinations of parameters was performed optimizing the parameters n_estimators, max_features, max_depth, min_samples_split, and the min_samples. Levering J, Fiedler T, Sieg A, van Grinsven KWA, Hering S, Veith N, et al. Genotypic profile of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 and clinical features of infection in humans, Thailand. In photosynthesis, the sun’s energy combines the hydrogen from water (H20) with carbon dioxide (CO2), producing glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2), which is given off as a by-product. Nat Rev Microbiol. For all GO terms, proteins were found in both Staphylococcus and Streptococcus (Table 2). Furthermore, we identified shared attributes between of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes that allow them to cause necrotizing fasciitis. 1992;89(19):8990–4. Collagen-like proteins of pathogenic streptococci. The most common type is known as sickle cell anaemia (SCA). BMC Evol Biol. PubMed Central  PLoS One. Google Scholar. Cook LC, LaSarre B, Federle MJ. Available from: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RCurl/index.html. It has been suggested that S. agalactiae may have jumped from animals to humans in a certain moment of the evolution although it is still debatable if this zoonotic potential remains nowadays [69]. Horizontal gene transfer and recombination in Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. 1995;115(01):51–60 Available from: http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0950268800058118. 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The most important features for S. agalactiae classification based on ‘biological adhesion’ proteins are 1) PF02872 a 5′-nucleotidase-C 2) PF00746;PF08017 Fibrinogen binding protein A, 3) PF00746; PF8428; PF08829; PF174802 surface protein Rib and 4) PF00746;PF16555; PF16569; PF16570 pilus complex 5) PF00746;PF11966 a cell wall anchored linked to a ySIRK signal domain (Fig. 2014;15:3221–45 Available from: http://jmlr.org/papers/v15/vandermaaten14a.html%0A, http://jmlr.org/papers/v15/vandermaaten14a.html%257B%2525%257D5Cnfiles/1017/JMLR-van%257B_%257Dder%257B_%257DMaaten-2014-Accelerating%257B_%257Dt-SNE%257B_%257Dusing%257B_%257DTree-Based%257B_%257DAlgorith. 2015;81(3):976–85. PLoS Pathog. oxygen requirements OR requirement for ventilation support • Gastrointestinal: feeding intolerance, poor sucking, abdominal distention ... Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), Listeria monocytogenes: and other Gram-negative bacteria 7][. This genome has exactly the same proteins associated to response to drug as the seven strains for which multi drug resistance was reported in literature. We investigated their overall importance for prediction as well as their contribution to predicting the class non-zoonotic, and the class zoonotic potential as shown in Fig. 2001;69(4):2732–5. Appl Environ Microbiol. Wang K, Chen J, Yao H, Lu C. Whole-genome sequence of Streptococcus suis serotype 4 reference strain 6407. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Microbiologyopen. 7a-c) suggesting the existence of few proteins that are present in every genome in each group. The first group contains S. suis zoonotic strains of which some are isolated from pig and some from humans. volume 22, Article number: 102 (2021) Int J Med Microbiol. Fibronectin: a multidomain host adhesin targeted by bacterial fibronectin-binding proteins. Scaled values were used to calculate similarity scores for the position of genomes in each functional tree compared to the reference. For S. aureus, FnbpA was found to be essential for entry in the host cells [45]. Bryan JD, Shelver DW. The graph files were loaded in GraphDB Free version 8.4.1 in order to query the annotated genomes.
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